迁移源地址为：《P2P通信原理-英文版》
参考地址： http://vincentchun.iteye.com/blog/375525
Internet Draft B. Ford
Document: draft-ford-midcom-p2p-01.txt M.I.T.
Expires: April 27, 2004 P. Srisuresh
Caymas Systems
D. Kegel
kegel.com
October 2003
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication across middleboxes
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions
of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its
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Distribution of this document is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This memo documents the methods used by the current peer-to-peer
(P2P) applications to communicate in the presence of middleboxes
such as firewalls and network address translators (NAT). In
addition, the memo suggests guidelines to application designers
and middlebox implementers on the measures they could take to
enable immediate, wide deployment of P2P applications with or
without requiring the use of special proxy, relay or midcom
protocols.
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Table of Contents
- Introduction ………………………………………….
- Terminology …………………………………………..
- Techniques for P2P communication over middleboxes …………
3.1. Relaying ………………………………………..
3.2. Connection reversal ………………………………
3.3. UDP Hole Punching ………………………………..
3.3.1. Peers behind different NATs ………………
3.3.2. Peers behind the same NAT ………………..
3.3.3. Peers separated by multiple NATs ……………
3.3.4. Consistent port bindings …………………..
3.4. UDP Port number prediction ………………………..
3.5. Simultaneous TCP open …………………………….
- Application design guidelines …………………………..
4.1. What works with P2P middleboxes …………………….
4.2. Applications behind the same NAT ……………………
4.3. Peer discovery ……………………………………
4.4. TCP P2P applications ………………………………
4.5. Use of midcom protocol …………………………….
- NAT design guidelines ………………………………….
5.1. Deprecate the use of symmetric NATs …………………
5.2. Add incremental Cone-NAT support to symmetric NAT devices
5.3. Maintaining consistent port bindings for UDP ports …..
5.3.1. Preserving Port Numbers ……………………
5.4. Maintaining consistent port bindings for TCP ports …..
5.5. Large timeout for P2P applications ………………….
-
Security considerations ………………………………..
-
Introduction
Present-day Internet has seen ubiquitous deployment of
“middleboxes” such as network address translators(NAT), driven
primarily by the ongoing depletion of the IPv4 address space. The
asymmetric addressing and connectivity regimes established by these
middleboxes, however, have created unique problems for peer-to-peer
(P2P) applications and protocols, such as teleconferencing and
multiplayer on-line gaming. These issues are likely to persist even
into the IPv6 world, where NAT is often used as an IPv4 compatibility
mechanism [NAT-PT], and firewalls will still be commonplace even
after NAT is no longer required.
Currently deployed middleboxes are designed primarily around the
client/server paradigm, in which relatively anonymous client machines
actively initiate connections to well-connected servers having stable
IP addresses and DNS names. Most middleboxes implement an asymmetric
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communication model in which hosts on the private internal network
can initiate outgoing connections to hosts on the public network, but
external hosts cannot initiate connections to internal hosts except
as specifically configured by the middlebox’s administrator. In the
common case of NAPT, a client on the internal network does not have
a unique IP address on the public Internet, but instead must share
a single public IP address, managed by the NAPT, with other hosts
on the same private network. The anonymity and inaccessibility of
the internal hosts behind a middlebox is not a problem for client
software such as web browsers, which only need to initiate outgoing
connections. This inaccessibility is sometimes seen as a privacy
benefit.
In the peer-to-peer paradigm, however, Internet hosts that would
normally be considered “clients” need to establish communication
sessions directly with each other. The initiator and the responder
might lie behind different middleboxes with neither endpoint
having any permanent IP address or other form of public network
presence. A common on-line gaming architecture, for example,
is for the participating application hosts to contact a well-known
server for initialization and administration purposes. Subsequent
to this, the hosts establish direct connections with each other
for fast and efficient propagation of updates during game play.
Similarly, a file sharing application might contact a well-known
server for resource discovery or searching, but establish direct
connections with peer hosts for data transfer. Middleboxes create
problems for peer-to-peer connections because hosts behind a
middlebox normally have no permanently usable public ports on the
Internet to which incoming TCP or UDP connections from other peers
can be directed. RFC 3235 [NAT-APPL] briefly addresses this issue,
but does not offer any general solutions.
In this document we address the P2P/middlebox problem in two ways.
First, we summarize known methods by which P2P applications can
work around the presence of middleboxes. Second, we provide a set
of application design guidelines based on these practices to make
P2P applications operate more robustly over currently-deployed
middleboxes. Further, we provide design guidelines for future
middleboxes to allow them to support P2P applications more
effectively. Our focus is to enable immediate and wide deployment
of P2P applications requiring to traverse middleboxes.
- Terminology
In this section we first summarize some middlebox terms. We focus here
on the two kinds of middleboxes that commonly cause problems for P2P
applications.
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Firewall
A firewall restricts communication between a private internal
network and the public Internet, typically by dropping packets
that are deemed unauthorized. A firewall examines but does
not modify the IP address and TCP/UDP port information in
packets crossing the boundary.
Network Address Translator (NAT)
A network address translator not only examines but also modifies
the header information in packets flowing across the boundary,
allowing many hosts behind the NAT to share the use of a smaller
number of public IP addresses (often one).
Network address translators in turn have two main varieties:
Basic NAT
A Basic NAT maps an internal host’s private IP address to a
public IP address without changing the TCP/UDP port
numbers in packets crossing the boundary. Basic NAT is generally
only useful when the NAT has a pool of public IP addresses from
which to make address bindings on behalf of internal hosts.
Network Address/Port Translator (NAPT)
By far the most common, a Network Address/Port Translator examines
and modifies both the IP address and the TCP/UDP port number
fields of packets crossing the boundary, allowing multiple
internal hosts to share a single public IP address simultaneously.
Refer to [NAT-TRAD] and [NAT-TERM] for more general information on
NAT taxonomy and terminology. Additional terms that further classify
NAPT are defined in more recent work [STUN]. When an internal host
opens an outgoing TCP or UDP session through a network address/port
translator, the NAPT assigns the session a public IP address and
port number so that subsequent response packets from the external
endpoint can be received by the NAPT, translated, and forwarded
to the internal host. The effect is that the NAPT establishes a
port binding between (private IP address, private port number) and
(public IP address, public port number). The port binding
defines the address translation the NAPT will perform for the
duration of the session. An issue of relevance to P2P
applications is how the NAT behaves when an internal host initiates
multiple simultaneous sessions from a single (private IP, private
port) pair to multiple distinct endpoints on the external network.
Cone NAT
After establishing a port binding between a (private IP, private
port) tuple and a (public IP, public port) tuple, a cone NAT will
re-use this port binding for subsequent sessions the
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application may initiate from the same private IP address and
port number, for as long as at least one session using the port
binding remains active.
For example, suppose Client A in the diagram below initiates two
simultaneous outgoing sessions through a cone NAT, from the same
internal endpoint (10.0.0.1:1234) to two different
external servers, S1 and S2. The cone NAT assigns just one public
endpoint tuple, 155.99.25.11:62000, to both of these sessions,
ensuring that the "identity" of the client's port is maintained
across address translation. Since Basic NATs and firewalls do
not modify port numbers as packets flow across
the middlebox, these types of middleboxes can be viewed as a
degenerate form of Cone NAT.
Server S1 Server S2
18.181.0.31:1235 138.76.29.7:1235
| |
| |
+----------------------+----------------------+
|
^ Session 1 (A-S1) ^ | ^ Session 2 (A-S2) ^
| 18.181.0.31:1235 | | | 138.76.29.7:1235 |
v 155.99.25.11:62000 v | v 155.99.25.11:62000 v
|
Cone NAT
155.99.25.11
|
^ Session 1 (A-S1) ^ | ^ Session 2 (A-S2) ^
| 18.181.0.31:1235 | | | 138.76.29.7:1235 |
v 10.0.0.1:1234 v | v 10.0.0.1:1234 v
|
Client A
10.0.0.1:1234
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Symmetric NAT
A symmetric NAT, in contrast, does not maintain a consistent
port binding between (private IP, private port) and (public IP,
public port) across all sessions. Instead, it assigns a new
public port to each new session. For example, suppose Client A
initiates two outgoing sessions from the same port as above, one
with S1 and one with S2. A symmetric NAT might allocate the
public endpoint 155.99.25.11:62000 to session 1, and then allocate
a different public endpoint 155.99.25.11:62001, when the
application initiates session 2. The NAT is able to differentiate
between the two sessions for translation purposes because the
external endpoints involved in the sessions (those of S1
and S2) differ, even as the endpoint identity of the client
application is lost across the address translation boundary.
Server S1 Server S2
18.181.0.31:1235 138.76.29.7:1235
| |
| |
+----------------------+----------------------+
|
^ Session 1 (A-S1) ^ | ^ Session 2 (A-S2) ^
| 18.181.0.31:1235 | | | 138.76.29.7:1235 |
v 155.99.25.11:62000 v | v 155.99.25.11:62001 v
|
Symmetric NAT
155.99.25.11
|
^ Session 1 (A-S1) ^ | ^ Session 2 (A-S2) ^
| 18.181.0.31:1235 | | | 138.76.29.7:1235 |
v 10.0.0.1:1234 v | v 10.0.0.1:1234 v
|
Client A
10.0.0.1:1234
The issue of cone versus symmetric NAT behavior applies equally
to TCP and UDP traffic.
Cone NAT is further classified according to how liberally the NAT
accepts incoming traffic directed to an already-established (public
IP, public port) pair. This classification generally applies only to
UDP traffic, since NATs and firewalls reject incoming TCP
connection attempts unconditionally unless specifically configured to
do otherwise.
Full Cone NAT
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After establishing a public/private port binding for a new
outgoing session, a full cone NAT will subsequently accept
incoming traffic to the corresponding public port from ANY
external endpoint on the public network. Full cone NAT is
also sometimes called "promiscuous" NAT.
Restricted Cone NAT
A restricted cone NAT only forwards an incoming packet directed to
a public port if its external (source) IP address matches the
address of a node to which the internal host has previously sent
one or more outgoing packets. A restricted cone NAT effectively
refines the firewall principle of rejecting unsolicited incoming
traffic, by restricting incoming traffic to a set of “known”
external IP addresses.
Port-Restricted Cone NAT
A port-restricted cone NAT, in turn, only forwards an incoming
packet if its external IP address AND port number match those of
an external endpoint to which the internal host has previously
sent outgoing packets. A port-restricted cone NAT provides
internal nodes the same level of protection against unsolicited
incoming traffic that a symmetric NAT does, while maintaining a
private port’s identity across translation.
Finally, in this document we define new terms for classifying
the P2P-relevant behavior of middleboxes:
P2P-Application
P2P-application as used in this document is an application in
which each P2P participant registers with a public
registration server, and subsequently uses either its
private endpoint, or public endpoint, or both, to establish
peering sessions.
P2P-Middlebox
A P2P-Middlebox is middlebox that permits the traversal of
P2P applications.
P2P-firewall
A P2P-firewall is a P2P-Middlebox that provides firewall
functionality but performs no address translation.
P2P-NAT
A P2P-NAT is a P2P-Middlebox that provides NAT functionality, and
may also provide firewall functionality. At minimum, a
P2P-Middlebox must implement Cone NAT behavior for UDP traffic,
allowing applications to establish robust P2P connectivity using
the UDP hole punching technique.
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Loopback translation
When a host in the private domain of a NAT device attempts to
connect with another host behind the same NAT device using
the public address of the host, the NAT device performs the
equivalent of a “Twice-nat” translation on the packet as
follows. The originating host’s private endpoint is translated
into its assigned public endpoint, and the target host’s public
endpoint is translated into its private endpoint, before
the packet is forwarded to the target host. We refer the above
translation performed by a NAT device as “Loopback translation”.
-
Techniques for P2P Communication over middleboxes
This section reviews in detail the currently known techniques for
implementing peer-to-peer communication over existing middleboxes,
from the perspective of the application or protocol designer.
3.1. Relaying
The most reliable, but least efficient, method of implementing peer-
to-peer communication in the presence of a middlebox is to make the
peer-to-peer communication look to the network like client/server
communication through relaying. For example, suppose two client
hosts, A and B, have each initiated TCP or UDP connections with a
well-known server S having a permanent IP address. The clients
reside on separate private networks, however, and their respective
middleboxes prevent either client from directly initiating a
connection to the other.
Server S
|
|
+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
NAT A NAT B
| |
| |
Client A Client B
Instead of attempting a direct connection, the two clients can simply
use the server S to relay messages between them. For example, to
send a message to client B, client A simply sends the message to
server S along its already-established client/server connection, and
server S then sends the message on to client B using its existing
client/server connection with B.
This method has the advantage that it will always work as long as
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both clients have connectivity to the server. Its obvious
disadvantages are that it consumes the server’s processing power and
network bandwidth unnecessarily, and communication latency between
the two clients is likely to be increased even if the server is well-
connected. The TURN protocol [TURN] defines a method of implementing
relaying in a relatively secure fashion.
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3.2. Connection reversal
The second technique works if only one of the clients is behind a
middlebox. For example, suppose client A is behind a NAT but client
B has a globally routable IP address, as in the following diagram:
Server S
18.181.0.31:1235
|
|
+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
NAT A |
155.99.25.11:62000 |
| |
| |
Client A Client B
10.0.0.1:1234 138.76.29.7:1234
Client A has private IP address 10.0.0.1, and the application is
using TCP port 1234. This client has established a connection with
server S at public IP address 18.181.0.31 and port 1235. NAT A has
assigned TCP port 62000, at its own public IP address 155.99.25.11,
to serve as the temporary public endpoint address for A’s session
with S: therefore, server S believes that client A is at IP address
155.99.25.11 using port 62000. Client B, however, has its own
permanent IP address, 138.76.29.7, and the peer-to-peer application
on B is accepting TCP connections at port 1234.
Now suppose client B would like to initiate a peer-to-peer
communication session with client A. B might first attempt to
contact client A either at the address client A believes itself to
have, namely 10.0.0.1:1234, or at the address of A as observed by
server S, namely 155.99.25.11:62000. In either case, however, the
connection will fail. In the first case, traffic directed to IP
address 10.0.0.1 will simply be dropped by the network because
10.0.0.1 is not a publicly routable IP address. In the second case,
the TCP SYN request from B will arrive at NAT A directed to port
62000, but NAT A will reject the connection request because only
outgoing connections are allowed.
After attempting and failing to establish a direct connection to A,
client B can use server S to relay a request to client A to initiate
a “reversed” connection to client B. Client A, upon receiving this
relayed request through S, opens a TCP connection to client B at B’s
public IP address and port number. NAT A allows the connection to
proceed because it is originating inside the firewall, and client B
can receive the connection because it is not behind a middlebox.
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A variety of current peer-to-peer systems implement this technique.
Its main limitation, of course, is that it only works as long as only
one of the communicating peers is behind a NAT: in the increasingly
common case where both peers are behind NATs, the method fails.
Because connection reversal is not a general solution to the problem,
it is NOT recommended as a primary strategy. Applications may choose
to attempt connection reversal, but should be able to fall back
automatically on another mechanism such as relaying if neither a
“forward” nor a “reverse” connection can be established.
3.3. UDP hole punching
The third technique, and the one of primary interest in this
document, is widely known as “UDP Hole Punching.” UDP hole punching
relies on the properties of common firewalls and cone NATs to allow
appropriately designed peer-to-peer applications to “punch holes”
through the middlebox and establish direct connectivity with each
other, even when both communicating hosts may lie behind middleboxes.
This technique was mentioned briefly in section 5.1 of RFC 3027 [NAT-
PROT], and has been informally described elsewhere on the Internet
[KEGEL] and used in some recent protocols [TEREDO, ICE]. As the name
implies, unfortunately, this technique works reliably only with UDP.
We will consider two specific scenarios, and how applications can be
designed to handle both of them gracefully. In the first situation,
representing the common case, two clients desiring direct peer-to-
peer communication reside behind two different NATs. In the second,
the two clients actually reside behind the same NAT, but do not
necessarily know that they do.
3.3.1. Peers behind different NATs
Suppose clients A and B both have private IP addresses and lie behind
different network address translators. The peer-to-peer application
running on clients A and B and on server S each use UDP port 1234. A
and B have each initiated UDP communication sessions with server S,
causing NAT A to assign its own public UDP port 62000 for A’s session
with S, and causing NAT B to assign its port 31000 to B’s session
with S, respectively.
Server S
18.181.0.31:1234
|
|
+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
NAT A NAT B
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155.99.25.11:62000 138.76.29.7:31000
| |
| |
Client A Client B
10.0.0.1:1234 10.1.1.3:1234
Now suppose that client A wants to establish a UDP communication
session directly with client B. If A simply starts sending UDP
messages to B’s public address, 138.76.29.7:31000, then NAT B will
typically discard these incoming messages (unless it is a full cone
NAT), because the source address and port number does not match those
of S, with which the original outgoing session was established.
Similarly, if B simply starts sending UDP messages to A’s public
address, then NAT A will typically discard these messages.
Suppose A starts sending UDP messages to B’s public address, however,
and simultaneously relays a request through server S to B, asking B
to start sending UDP messages to A’s public address. A’s outgoing
messages directed to B’s public address (138.76.29.7:31000) cause NAT
A to open up a new communication session between A’s private address
and B’s public address. At the same time, B’s messages to A’s public
address (155.99.25.11:62000) cause NAT B to open up a new
communication session between B’s private address and A’s public
address. Once the new UDP sessions have been opened up in each
direction, client A and B can communicate with each other directly
without further burden on the “introduction” server S.
The UDP hole punching technique has several useful properties. Once
a direct peer-to-peer UDP connection has been established between two
clients behind middleboxes, either party on that connection can in
turn take over the role of “introducer” and help the other party
establish peer-to-peer connections with additional peers, minimizing
the load on the initial introduction server S. The application does
not need to attempt to detect explicitly what kind of middlebox it is
behind, if any [STUN], since the procedure above will establish peer-
to-peer communication channels equally well if either or both clients
do not happen to be behind a middlebox. The hole punching technique
even works automatically with multiple NATs, where one or both
clients are removed from the public Internet via two or more levels
of address translation.
3.3.2. Peers behind the same NAT
Now consider the scenario in which the two clients (probably
unknowingly) happen to reside behind the same NAT, and are therefore
located in the same private IP address space. Client A has
established a UDP session with server S, to which the common NAT has
assigned public port number 62000. Client B has similarly
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established a session with S, to which the NAT has assigned public
port number 62001.
Server S
18.181.0.31:1234
|
|
NAT
A-S 155.99.25.11:62000
B-S 155.99.25.11:62001
|
+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
Client A Client B
10.0.0.1:1234 10.1.1.3:1234
Suppose that A and B use the UDP hole punching technique as outlined
above to establish a communication channel using server S as an
introducer. Then A and B will learn each other’s public IP addresses
and port numbers as observed by server S, and start sending each
other messages at those public addresses. The two clients will be
able to communicate with each other this way as long as the NAT
allows hosts on the internal network to open translated UDP sessions
with other internal hosts and not just with external hosts. We refer
to this situation as “loopback translation,” because packets arriving
at the NAT from the private network are translated and then “looped
back” to the private network rather than being passed through to the
public network. For example, when A sends a UDP packet to B’s public
address, the packet initially has a source IP address and port number
of 10.0.0.1:124 and a destination of 155.99.25.11:62001. The NAT
receives this packet, translates it to have a source of
155.99.25.11:62000 (A’s public address) and a destination of
10.1.1.3:1234, and then forwards it on to B. Even if loopback
translation is supported by the NAT, this translation and forwarding
step is obviously unnecessary in this situation, and is likely to add
latency to the dialog between A and B as well as burdening the NAT.
The solution to this problem is straightforward, however. When A and
B initially exchange address information through server S, they
should include their own IP addresses and port numbers as “observed”
by themselves, as well as their addresses as observed by S. The
clients then simultaneously start sending packets to each other at
each of the alternative addresses they know about, and use the first
address that leads to successful communication. If the two clients
are behind the same NAT, then the packets directed to their private
addresses are likely to arrive first, resulting in a direct
communication channel not involving the NAT. If the two clients are
behind different NATs, then the packets directed to their private
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addresses will fail to reach each other at all, but the clients will
hopefully establish connectivity using their respective public
addresses. It is important that these packets be authenticated in
some way, however, since in the case of different NATs it is entirely
possible for A’s messages directed at B’s private address to reach
some other, unrelated node on A’s private network, or vice versa.
3.3.3. Peers separated by multiple NATs
In some topologies involving multiple NAT devices, it is not
possible for two clients to establish an “optimal” P2P route between
them without specific knowledge of the topology. Consider for
example the following situation.
Server S
18.181.0.31:1234
|
|
NAT X
A-S 155.99.25.11:62000
B-S 155.99.25.11:62001
|
|
+----------------------+----------------------+
| |
NAT A NAT B
192.168.1.1:30000 192.168.1.2:31000
| |
| |
Client A Client B
10.0.0.1:1234 10.1.1.3:1234
Suppose NAT X is a large industrial NAT deployed by an internet
service provider (ISP) to multiplex many customers onto a few public
IP addresses, and NATs A and B are small consumer NAT gateways
deployed independently by two of the ISP’s customers to multiplex
their private home networks onto their respective ISP-provided IP
addresses. Only server S and NAT X have globally routable IP
addresses; the “public” IP addresses used by NAT A and NAT B are
actually private to the ISP’s addressing realm, while client A’s and
B’s addresses in turn are private to the addressing realms of NAT A
and B, respectively. Each client initiates an outgoing connection to
server S as before, causing NATs A and B each to create a single
public/private translation, and causing NAT X to establish a
public/private translation for each session.
Now suppose clients A and B attempt to establish a direct peer-to-
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